0.1.2 (#9)

Co-authored-by: Julien Valverdé <julien.valverde@mailo.com>
Reviewed-on: https://git.jvalver.de/Thilawyn/thilatrait/pulls/9

.drone.jsonnet

@@ -2,12 +2,6 @@ local bun_image = "oven/bun:1";
 local node_image = "node:20";
 
 
-local fetch_step = {
-    name: "fetch",
-    image: "alpine/git",
-    commands: ["git fetch --tags"],
-};
-
 local install_step = {
     name: "install",
     image: bun_image,
@@ -29,7 +23,7 @@ local build_step = {
 local pack_step = {
     name: "pack",
     image: node_image,
-    commands: ["npm pack"],
+    commands: ["npm pack --dry-run"],
 };
 
 local publish_step = {
@@ -41,7 +35,7 @@ local publish_step = {
     },
 
     commands: [
-        "npm set registry https://git.jvalver.de/api/packages/thilawyn/npm/",
+        "npm set @thilawyn:registry https://git.jvalver.de/api/packages/thilawyn/npm/",
         "npm config set -- //git.jvalver.de/api/packages/thilawyn/npm/:_authToken $NPM_TOKEN",
         "npm publish",
     ],

.npmignore

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-/node_modules/
-/src/
-/.drone.jsonnet
-/.gitignore
-/.npmignore
-/bun.lockb
-/README.md
-/rollup.config.js
-/tsconfig.json
-/tsconfig.tsbuildinfo

package.json

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 {
-  "name": "thilatrait",
+  "name": "@thilawyn/thilatrait",
-  "version": "20231229.0.0",
+  "version": "0.1.2",
   "type": "module",
   "publishConfig": {
     "registry": "https://git.jvalver.de/api/packages/thilawyn/npm/"
   },
+  "files": [
+    "./dist"
+  ],
   "exports": {
     ".": {
       "import": {
@@ -18,7 +21,7 @@
     }
   },
   "scripts": {
-    "build": "rollup -c",
+    "build": "rollup -c rollup.config.ts",
     "lint:tsc": "tsc --noEmit",
     "clean:cache": "rm -f tsconfig.tsbuildinfo",
     "clean:dist": "rm -rf dist",
@@ -28,10 +31,11 @@
     "type-fest": "^4.9.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
+    "@rollup/plugin-node-resolve": "^15.2.3",
     "bun-types": "latest",
     "npm-check-updates": "^16.14.12",
     "npm-sort": "^0.0.4",
-    "rollup": "^4.9.1",
+    "rollup": "^4.9.4",
     "rollup-plugin-cleanup": "^3.2.1",
     "rollup-plugin-ts": "^3.4.5",
     "tsx": "^4.7.0",

rollup.config.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { nodeResolve } from "@rollup/plugin-node-resolve"
 import { defineConfig } from "rollup"
 import cleanup from "rollup-plugin-cleanup"
 import ts from "rollup-plugin-ts"
@@ -19,7 +20,10 @@ export default defineConfig({
         },
     ],
 
+    external: id => !/^[./]/.test(id),
+
     plugins: [
+        nodeResolve(),
         ts(),
 
         cleanup({

src/expresses.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import { AbstractClass, Opaque } from "type-fest"
+import { Trait, TraitApplierSuperTag } from "."
+import { ClassesInstances, ClassesStaticMembers, MergeInheritanceTree, MergeInheritanceTreeWithoutOverriding, StaticMembers, TraitsClasses } from "./util"
+
+
+/**
+ * Extends a class with the given traits and expresses their combined functionality.
+ * @template C - The abstract class type.
+ * @template Traits - An array of traits.
+ * @param extend - The class to extend.
+ * @param traits - An array of traits to apply.
+ * @returns A new class type expressing the combined functionality of the base class and traits.
+ * @example
+ * Extends a superclass and applies traits:
+ * ```ts
+ * class User extends extendsAndExpresses(Entity,
+ *     Identifiable<bigint>(),
+ *     Permissible,
+ * ) {
+ *     readonly id: bigint
+ *
+ *     constructor(id: bigint) {
+ *         super()
+ *         this.id = id
+ *     }
+ * }
+ * ```
+ */
+export function extendsAndExpresses<
+    C      extends AbstractClass<any>,
+    Traits extends readonly Trait<any>[],
+>(
+    extend: C,
+    ...traits: Traits
+) {
+    return traits.reduce(
+        (previous, trait) => trait(previous),
+        extend as Opaque<C, TraitApplierSuperTag>,
+    ) as unknown as (
+        AbstractClass<
+            MergeInheritanceTreeWithoutOverriding<[
+                InstanceType<C>,
+                ...ClassesInstances<
+                    TraitsClasses<Traits>
+                >,
+            ]>,
+
+            ConstructorParameters<C>
+        > &
+
+        MergeInheritanceTree<[
+            StaticMembers<C>,
+            ...ClassesStaticMembers<
+                TraitsClasses<Traits>
+            >,
+        ]>
+    )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Expresses the combined functionality of multiple traits.
+ * @template Traits - An array of trait.
+ * @param traits - An array of trait to apply.
+ * @returns A new class type expressing the combined functionality of the traits.
+ * @example
+ * Applies traits to a class:
+ * ```ts
+ * class User extends expresses(Identifiable<bigint>(), Permissible) {
+ *     readonly id: bigint
+ *
+ *     constructor(id: bigint) {
+ *         super()
+ *         this.id = id
+ *     }
+ * }
+ * ```
+ */
+export function expresses<
+    Traits extends readonly Trait<any>[],
+>(
+    ...traits: Traits
+) {
+    return extendsAndExpresses(Object, ...traits)
+}

src/index.ts

@@ -1,170 +1,2 @@
-import { AbstractClass, AbstractConstructor, Opaque, UnionToIntersection } from "type-fest"
+export * from "./expresses"
-
+export * from "./trait"
-
-/**
- * Represents the static members of a class.
- * @template C - The class type.
- */
-export type StaticMembers<C> = Pick<C, keyof C>
-
-
-/**
- * Represents a trait that can be applied to a class.
- * @template C - The abstract class type.
- */
-export type Trait<
-    C extends AbstractClass<any>
-> = Opaque<
-    TraitApplier<C>,
-    "thilatrait/Trait"
->
-
-/**
- * Represents the function signature for applying a trait to a parent class.
- * @template C - The abstract class type.
- */
-export type TraitApplier<
-    C extends AbstractClass<any>
-> =
-    (Parent: AbstractConstructor<any>) => C
-
-/**
- * Unwraps the type of the class from a given trait.
- * @template T - The trait type.
- */
-export type UnwrapTraitC<T> =
-    T extends Trait<infer C>
-        ? C
-        : never
-
-
-/**
- * Creates a trait using the provided trait applier function.
- * @template C - The abstract class type.
- * @param applier - The trait applier function.
- * @returns A trait.
- * @example
- * Creates a trait:
- * ```ts
- * const Permissible = trait(Parent => {
- *     abstract class Permissible extends Parent {
- *         static readonly defaultPermissions: string[] = []
- *         permissions: string[] = []
- *
- *         constructor(...args: any[]) {
- *             super(...args)
- *         }
- *     }
- *
- *     return Permissible
- * })
- * ```
- * Creates a generic trait:
- * ```ts
- * const Identifiable = <ID>() =>
- *     trait(Parent => {
- *         abstract class Identifiable extends Parent {
- *             abstract readonly id: ID
- *
- *             equals(el: Identifiable) {
- *                 return this.id === el.id
- *             }
- *
- *             constructor(...args: any[]) {
- *                 super(...args)
- *             }
- *         }
- *
- *         return Identifiable
- *     })
- * ```
- */
-export function trait<
-    C extends AbstractClass<any>
->(
-    applier: TraitApplier<C>
-) {
-    return applier as Trait<C>
-}
-
-
-/**
- * Extends a class with the given traits and expresses their combined functionality.
- * @template C - The abstract class type.
- * @template Traits - An array of traits.
- * @param extend - The class to extend.
- * @param traits - An array of traits to apply.
- * @returns A new class type expressing the combined functionality of the base class and traits.
- * @example
- * Extends a superclass and applies traits:
- * ```ts
- * class User extends extendsAndExpresses(Entity, [Identifiable<bigint>(), Permissible]) {
- *     readonly id: bigint
- *
- *     constructor(id: bigint) {
- *         super()
- *         this.id = id
- *     }
- * }
- * ```
- */
-export function extendsAndExpresses<
-    C      extends AbstractClass<any>,
-    Traits extends readonly Trait<any>[],
->(
-    extend: C,
-    traits: Traits,
-) {
-    return traits.reduce(
-        (previous, trait) => trait(previous),
-        extend,
-    ) as (
-        AbstractClass<
-            InstanceType<C> &
-            UnionToIntersection<
-                InstanceType<
-                    UnwrapTraitC<
-                        Traits[number]
-                    >
-                >
-            >,
-
-            ConstructorParameters<C>
-        > &
-
-        StaticMembers<C> &
-        StaticMembers<
-            UnionToIntersection<
-                UnwrapTraitC<
-                    Traits[number]
-                >
-            >
-        >
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Expresses the combined functionality of multiple traits.
- * @template Traits - An array of trait.
- * @param traits - An array of trait to apply.
- * @returns A new class type expressing the combined functionality of the traits.
- * @example
- * Applies traits to a class:
- * ```ts
- * class User extends expresses(Identifiable<bigint>(), Permissible) {
- *     readonly id: bigint
- *
- *     constructor(id: bigint) {
- *         super()
- *         this.id = id
- *     }
- * }
- * ```
- */
-export function expresses<
-    Traits extends readonly Trait<any>[],
->(
-    ...traits: Traits
-) {
-    return extendsAndExpresses(Object, traits)
-}

src/legacy/tests.ts

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-import { AbstractClass } from "type-fest"
-import { expresses } from "./trait"
-
-
-function inspectClass(class_: AbstractClass<any, any>) {
-    Object.getOwnPropertyNames(class_).forEach(name => {
-        console.log(
-            "[static]",
-            name,
-            Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(class_, name)
-        )
-    })
-
-    Object.getOwnPropertyNames(class_.prototype).forEach(name => {
-        console.log(
-            "[prototype]",
-            name,
-            Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(class_.prototype, name)
-        )
-    })
-}
-
-
-abstract class Identified<ID> {
-    abstract id: ID
-
-    equals(el: Identified<ID>) {
-        return this.id === el.id
-    }
-
-    // initializer() {
-    //     console.log("Identified initializer")
-    // }
-}
-
-class ImplementsIdentifiable<ID> extends Identified<ID> {
-    id!: ID
-}
-
-
-abstract class Permissible {
-    static readonly defaultPermissions: string[] = []
-    permissions: string[] = []
-    // permissions!: string[]
-
-    constructor() {
-        console.log("Permissible constructor")
-    }
-
-    initializer() {
-        console.log("Permissible initializer")
-        this.permissions = []
-    }
-}
-
-
-class User extends expresses(
-    Identified as typeof Identified<bigint>,
-    // Identified<string>,
-    Permissible,
-) {
-    readonly id: bigint
-
-    constructor(id: bigint) {
-        super()
-        this.id = id
-    }
-}
-
-const user1 = new User(BigInt(1))
-const user2 = new User(BigInt(2))
-
-console.log(user1)
-console.log(user1.equals(user2))

src/legacy/trait.ts

@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-import { AbstractClass, Class, UnionToIntersection } from "type-fest"
-import { StaticMembers, copyProperties, getInheritanceHierarchy } from "./util/class"
-
-
-/**
- * Represents a trait that can be used to define common behavior
- * for classes and abstract classes.
- * @typeParam T - The type of the trait.
- */
-export type Trait<T> =
-    AbstractClass<T, []>
-
-
-/**
- * Creates a link class that expresses the given traits.
- * @param traits - An array of traits to be expressed by the link class.
- * @returns A dynamically created class that expresses the given traits.
- * @typeParam Traits - An array of traits that the link class expresses.
- */
-export function expresses<
-    Traits extends readonly Trait<any>[]
->(
-    ...traits: Traits
-) {
-    return makeLinkClass(traits)
-}
-
-
-/**
- * Creates a link class that extends a base class and expresses the given traits.
- * @param extend - The base class or abstract class to extend.
- * @param traits - An array of traits to be expressed by the link class.
- * @returns A dynamically created class that extends the given base class and expresses the given traits.
- * @typeParam C - The type of the base class to extend.
- * @typeParam Traits - An array of traits that the link class expresses.
- */
-export function extendsAndExpresses<
-    C      extends Class<any, any>
-                 | AbstractClass<any, any>,
-    Traits extends readonly Trait<any>[],
->(
-    extend:     C,
-    ...traits:  Traits
-) {
-    return makeLinkClass(traits, extend)
-}
-
-
-/**
- * Creates a link class that expresses the given traits and optionally extends a base class.
- * @param traits - An array of traits to be expressed by the link class.
- * @param extend - The base class or abstract class to extend (optional).
- * @returns A dynamically created class that expresses the given traits and extends the base class.
- * @typeParam Traits - An array of traits that the link class expresses.
- * @typeParam C - The type of the base class to extend (optional).
- */
-export function makeLinkClass<
-    Traits extends readonly Trait<any>[],
-    C      extends Class<any, any>
-                 | AbstractClass<any, any>
-                 | undefined = undefined,
->(
-    traits:   Traits,
-    extend?:  C,
-) {
-    const class_ = extend
-        ? class extends extend {
-            constructor(...args: any[]) {
-                super(...args)
-
-                traits.forEach(trait => {
-                    trait.prototype.initializer?.call(this)
-                })
-            }
-        }
-        : class {
-            constructor() {
-                traits.forEach(trait => {
-                    trait.prototype.initializer?.call(this)
-                })
-            }
-        }
-
-    traits.forEach(trait => {
-        getInheritanceHierarchy(trait).forEach(current => {
-            copyProperties(
-                current,
-                class_,
-                ["name", "length"],
-                ["constructor"],
-            )
-        })
-    })
-
-    return class_ as unknown as (
-        (C extends Class<any, any> | AbstractClass<any, any>
-            ? (
-                AbstractClass<
-                    InstanceType<C> &
-                    UnionToIntersection<
-                        InstanceType<
-                            Traits[number]
-                        >
-                    >,
-
-                    ConstructorParameters<C>
-                > &
-
-                StaticMembers<C>
-            )
-            : Trait<
-                UnionToIntersection<
-                    InstanceType<
-                        Traits[number]
-                    >
-                >
-            >
-        ) &
-
-        StaticMembers<
-            UnionToIntersection<
-                Traits[number]
-            >
-        >
-    )
-}

src/legacy/util/class.ts

@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-import { AbstractClass } from "type-fest"
-
-
-/**
- * Represents the static members of a class.
- *
- * @template C - The type of the class for which static members are extracted.
- * @typeparam The static members of the class.
- */
-export type StaticMembers<C> = Pick<C, keyof C>
-
-
-/**
- * Flattens the inheritance hierarchy of a given class by copying all properties
- * from its superclass chain into a single object.
- *
- * @template C - The type of the class to be flattened, extending AbstractClass<any, any>.
- * @param C - The class to be flattened.
- * @returns A new class with properties flattened from the entire inheritance hierarchy.
- */
-export function flattenClass<
-    C extends AbstractClass<any, any>
->(class_: C) {
-    const flattenedClass = class {} as unknown as C
-
-    getInheritanceHierarchy(class_).forEach(current => {
-        copyProperties(current, flattenedClass)
-    })
-
-    copyProperty(class_, flattenedClass, "name")
-    copyProperty(class_.prototype, flattenedClass.prototype, "constructor")
-
-    return flattenedClass
-}
-
-
-/**
- * Retrieves the inheritance hierarchy of a given class, including itself.
- *
- * @param class_ - The class for which the inheritance hierarchy is retrieved.
- * @returns An array representing the inheritance hierarchy, ordered from the furthest in the hierarchy to `class_` itself.
- */
-export function getInheritanceHierarchy(
-    class_: AbstractClass<any, any>
-): AbstractClass<any, any>[] {
-    const parent = Object.getPrototypeOf(class_)
-
-    return isClass(parent)
-        ? [...getInheritanceHierarchy(parent), class_]
-        : [class_]
-}
-
-
-/**
- * Checks if a given element appears to be a class based on its string representation.
- *
- * @param el - The element to check for being a class.
- * @returns `true` if the element is likely a class; otherwise, `false`.
- */
-export function isClass(el: { toString: () => string }) {
-    return Boolean(el.toString().match(/^class(?: [.\S]+)?(?: extends [.\S]+)? {[\s\S]*}$/))
-}
-
-
-/**
- * Copies properties from one class to another, including static and prototype properties.
- *
- * @param from - The source class to copy properties from.
- * @param to - The destination class to copy properties to.
- */
-export function copyProperties(
-    from:                 AbstractClass<any, any>,
-    to:                   AbstractClass<any, any>,
-    ignoreKeys:           string[] = [],
-    ignorePrototypeKeys:  string[] = [],
-) {
-    Object.getOwnPropertyNames(from).forEach(name => {
-        if (name === "prototype"
-         || ignoreKeys.find(v => v === name)
-        )
-            return
-
-        // console.log(from, to, name, Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(from, name))
-
-        copyProperty(from, to, name)
-    })
-
-    Object.getOwnPropertyNames(from.prototype).forEach(name => {
-        if (ignorePrototypeKeys.find(v => v === name))
-            return
-
-        // console.log(from, to, name, Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(from, name))
-
-        copyProperty(from.prototype, to.prototype, name)
-    })
-}
-
-
-export function copyProperty(
-    from:  unknown,
-    to:    unknown,
-    name:  string,
-) {
-    Object.defineProperty(
-        to,
-        name,
-        Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(from, name) || Object.create(null),
-    )
-}

src/tests.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-import { expresses, trait } from "."
+import { AbstractClass } from "type-fest"
+import { expresses, extendsAndExpresses, trait } from "."
+import { ClassesInstances, MergeInheritanceTree } from "./util"
 
 
 const Identifiable = <ID>() =>
-    trait(Parent => {
+    trait(Super => {
-        abstract class Identifiable extends Parent {
+        abstract class Identifiable extends Super {
             abstract readonly id: ID
 
             equals(el: Identifiable) {
@@ -20,17 +22,25 @@ const Identifiable = <ID>() =>
     })
 
 const ImplementsIdentifiable = <ID>(defaultID: ID) =>
-    trait(Parent => {
+    trait(Super => {
-        abstract class ImplementsIdentifiable extends Identifiable<ID>()(Parent) {
+        abstract class ImplementsIdentifiable extends extendsAndExpresses(
+            Super,
+            Identifiable<ID>(),
+        ) {
             id: ID = defaultID
+
+            constructor(...args: any[]) {
+                super(...args)
+                console.log("ImplementsIdentifiable constructor")
+            }
         }
 
         return ImplementsIdentifiable
     })
 
 
-const Permissible = trait(Parent => {
+const Permissible = trait(Super => {
-    abstract class Permissible extends Parent {
+    abstract class Permissible extends Super {
         static readonly defaultPermissions: string[] = []
         permissions: string[] = []
 
@@ -60,3 +70,51 @@ class User extends UserProto {
 const user1 = new User(1n)
 console.log(user1)
 console.log(user1.equals(user1))
+
+
+const Test1 = trait(Super => {
+    abstract class Test1 extends Super {
+        declare static name: string
+        declare static testValue: (
+            { _tag: "type1", value: string } |
+            { _tag: "type2", value: number }
+        )
+
+        abstract name: string
+
+        declare createdAt: Date
+        declare readonly status: (
+            { _tag: "awaitingPayment" } |
+            { _tag: "active", activeSince: Date, expiresAt?: Date } |
+            { _tag: "expired", expiredSince: Date }
+        )
+    }
+
+    return Test1
+})
+
+const Test2 = trait(Super => {
+    abstract class Test2 extends Super {
+        declare readonly status: { _tag: "active", activeSince: Date, expiresAt?: Date }
+    }
+
+    return Test2
+})
+
+const Test3 = trait(Super => {
+    abstract class Test3 extends Super {
+        declare static testValue: { _tag: "type2", value: number }
+        declare lol: 10n
+    }
+
+    return Test3
+})
+
+const TestObjectProto = expresses(Test1, Test2, Test3)
+TestObjectProto.testValue
+
+type CleanupInheritanceTreeProperties<Classes extends readonly AbstractClass<any>[]> = (
+    MergeInheritanceTree<
+        ClassesInstances<Classes>
+    >
+)

src/trait.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+import { AbstractClass, AbstractConstructor, Opaque } from "type-fest"
+
+
+/**
+ * Represents a trait that can be applied to a class.
+ * @template C - The abstract class type.
+ */
+export type Trait<
+    C extends AbstractClass<any>
+> = Opaque<
+    TraitApplier<C>,
+    "@thilawyn/thilatrait/Trait"
+>
+
+export type TraitApplierSuperTag = "@thilawyn/thilatrait/Super"
+
+/**
+ * Represents the function signature for applying a trait to a parent class.
+ * @template C - The abstract class type.
+ */
+export type TraitApplier<
+    C extends AbstractClass<any>
+> = (
+    (Super: Opaque<AbstractConstructor<object>, TraitApplierSuperTag>) => Opaque<C, TraitApplierSuperTag>
+)
+
+/**
+ * Creates a trait using the provided trait applier function.
+ * @template C - The abstract class type.
+ * @param applier - The trait applier function.
+ * @returns A trait.
+ * @example
+ * Creates a trait:
+ * ```ts
+ * const Permissible = trait(Super => {
+ *     abstract class Permissible extends Super {
+ *         static readonly defaultPermissions: string[] = []
+ *         permissions: string[] = []
+ *
+ *         // Constructor is optional
+ *         // If you wish to use it, make sure it takes any[] as an args array and passes it to the super call. This is necessary for inheritance to work properly.
+ *         // Trait constructors cannot have typed arguments of their own, they only serve to run logic during object instantiation.
+ *         constructor(...args: any[]) {
+ *             super(...args)
+ *         }
+ *     }
+ *
+ *     return Permissible
+ * })
+ * ```
+ * Creates a generic trait:
+ * ```ts
+ * const Identifiable = <ID>() =>
+ *     trait(Super => {
+ *         abstract class Identifiable extends Super {
+ *             abstract readonly id: ID
+ *
+ *             equals(el: Identifiable) {
+ *                 return this.id === el.id
+ *             }
+ *
+ *             // Optional
+ *             constructor(...args: any[]) {
+ *                 super(...args)
+ *             }
+ *         }
+ *
+ *         return Identifiable
+ *     })
+ * ```
+ * Creates a subtrait:
+ * ```ts
+ * const ImplementsIdentifiable = <ID>(defaultID: ID) =>
+ *     trait(Super => {
+ *         abstract class ImplementsIdentifiable extends extendsAndExpresses(
+ *             Super,
+ *             Identifiable<ID>(),
+ *         ) {
+ *             id: ID = defaultID
+ *
+ *             // Optional
+ *             constructor(...args: any[]) {
+ *                 super(...args)
+ *             }
+ *         }
+ *
+ *         return ImplementsIdentifiable
+ *     })
+ * ```
+ */
+export function trait<
+    C extends AbstractClass<any>
+>(
+    applier: TraitApplier<C>
+) {
+    return applier as Trait<C>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the class type of a trait.
+ * @template T - The trait type.
+ */
+export type TraitClass<T> = (
+    T extends Trait<infer C>
+        ? C
+        : never
+)
+
+/**
+ * Returns the instance type of a trait.
+ * @template T - The trait type.
+ */
+export type TraitInstance<T> = (
+    T extends Trait<infer C>
+        ? InstanceType<C>
+        : never
+)

src/util/class.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import { AbstractClass } from "type-fest"
+
+
+/**
+ * Represents an array of instances corresponding to the provided classes.
+ * @template Classes - An array of classes extending AbstractClass.
+ */
+export type ClassesInstances<Classes extends readonly AbstractClass<any>[]> = (
+    Classes extends [infer Class, ...infer Rest]
+        ? Class extends AbstractClass<any>
+            ? Rest extends AbstractClass<any>[]
+                ? [InstanceType<Class>, ...ClassesInstances<Rest>]
+                : never
+            : never
+        : []
+)
+
+/**
+ * Represents an intersection of instances of the provided classes.
+ * @template Classes - An array of classes extending AbstractClass.
+ */
+export type ClassesInstancesIntersection<Classes extends readonly AbstractClass<any>[]> = (
+    Classes extends [infer Class, ...infer Rest]
+        ? Class extends AbstractClass<any>
+            ? Rest extends AbstractClass<any>[]
+                ? InstanceType<Class> & ClassesInstancesIntersection<Rest>
+                : never
+            : never
+        : {}
+)
+
+/**
+ * Represents the static members of a class.
+ * @template Class - A class extending AbstractClass.
+ */
+export type StaticMembers<Class extends AbstractClass<any>> = (
+    Omit<Class, "prototype">
+)
+
+/**
+ * Represents an array of static members corresponding to the provided classes.
+ * @template Classes - An array of classes extending AbstractClass.
+ */
+export type ClassesStaticMembers<Classes extends readonly AbstractClass<any>[]> = (
+    Classes extends [infer Class, ...infer Rest]
+        ? Class extends AbstractClass<any>
+            ? Rest extends AbstractClass<any>[]
+                ? [StaticMembers<Class>, ...ClassesStaticMembers<Rest>]
+                : never
+            : never
+        : []
+)
+
+/**
+ * Represents an intersection of static members of the provided classes.
+ * @template Classes - An array of classes extending AbstractClass.
+ */
+export type ClassesStaticMembersIntersection<Classes extends readonly AbstractClass<any>[]> = (
+    Classes extends [infer Class, ...infer Rest]
+        ? Class extends AbstractClass<any>
+            ? Rest extends AbstractClass<any>[]
+                ? StaticMembers<Class> & ClassesStaticMembersIntersection<Rest>
+                : never
+            : never
+        : {}
+)

src/util/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+export * from "./class"
+export * from "./inheritance"
+export * from "./trait"

src/util/inheritance.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/**
+ * Represents the common keys between two types.
+ * @template A - The first type.
+ * @template B - The second type.
+ */
+export type CommonKeys<A, B> = Extract<keyof A, keyof B>
+
+/**
+ * Merges an inheritance tree defined by an array of types, considering overrides.
+ * @template T - An array of types representing the inheritance tree.
+ */
+export type MergeInheritanceTree<T extends readonly any[]> = (
+    T extends [infer Super, infer Self, ...infer Rest]
+        ? Pick<Self, CommonKeys<Self, Super>> extends Pick<Super, CommonKeys<Self, Super>>
+            ? MergeInheritanceTree<[
+                Omit<Super, CommonKeys<Self, Super>> & Self,
+                ...Rest,
+            ]>
+            : never
+        : T extends [infer Self]
+            ? Self
+            : void
+)
+
+/**
+ * Merges an inheritance tree defined by an array of types without allowing overrides.
+ * @template T - An array of types representing the inheritance tree.
+ */
+export type MergeInheritanceTreeWithoutOverriding<T extends readonly any[]> = (
+    T extends [infer Super, infer Self, ...infer Rest]
+        ? Pick<Self, CommonKeys<Self, Super>> extends Pick<Super, CommonKeys<Self, Super>>
+            ? MergeInheritanceTreeWithoutOverriding<[
+                Super & Self,
+                ...Rest,
+            ]>
+            : never
+        : T extends [infer Self]
+            ? Self
+            : void
+)

src/util/trait.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import { Trait, TraitClass } from ".."
+
+
+/**
+ * Represents an array of classes corresponding to the provided traits.
+ * @template Traits - An array of traits extending Trait<any>.
+ */
+export type TraitsClasses<Traits extends readonly Trait<any>[]> = (
+    Traits extends [infer T, ...infer Rest]
+        ? T extends Trait<any>
+            ? Rest extends Trait<any>[]
+                ? [TraitClass<T>, ...TraitsClasses<Rest>]
+                : never
+            : never
+        : []
+)